Referenshantering apa örebro universitet
Academic work should be transparent and all the sources you use must be properly acknowledged through referencing. Each reference consists of two parts — a citation in the running text and an entry in a reference list. Correct referencing lends credibility to your writing, because readers can see which facts or earlier research your texts are based on.
Referencing also shows which statements are your own and which are paraphrased from your sources. Good referencing techniques are therefore essential in avoiding plagiarism. Different referencing systems or styles are used in different disciplines, but the aim of all systems is to help your readers to find the sources you used.
Program för att hantera referenser
Broadly, there are three types of referencing styles: parenthetical systems e. Vancouver and IEEE , and footnote systems e. All these systems use a citation in the running text that provides brief information on the source, while the full details are given in a reference list at the end of the text. To produce a correct reference in your text, you need to know which referencing system you must use and what type of source you consulted.
There are various manuals available for each system that explain how citations and references are to be written.
Referencing and citation
Sometimes there are small differences between different manuals for the same system, so use the one specified in your study guide. You can also ask your teacher or supervisor which manual to use. Make sure that your referencing is consistent and that it fulfils the expectations in your discipline by consistently following a referencing manual. Please avoid mixing referencing systems in one text.
The referencing systems most commonly used at Örebro University are briefly described below and links are provided to referencing manuals for each system. The American Psychological Association APA referencing style is a parenthetical system , which means that citations are included in brackets in the running text. The parenthetical information comprises the surname of the author and the year the source was published, but you also need to include page numbers when quoting a source.
Full details on the sources are given in an alphabetical reference list, sorted by author, under the heading References. Ahmed, M. Consistent referencing and reader confidence. Journal of Scholarly Practices, 54 1 , — Carson, T. Can readers write? Factors determining writing skills development at university. Writing, 11 3 , 7— The Harvard referencing style is a parenthetical system, which means that citations are included in brackets in the running text.
Harvard sometimes uses a comma in the parenthetical reference between the author and the year and sometimes not. Make sure you know which format your discipline prefers. Also see examples below. Journal of Scholarly Practices , 54 1 , pp.
Referenser enligt APA 7
Writing , 11 3 , pp. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE referencing style is a numeric system , which means that citations are included as source numbers in square brackets [ ] in the running text. The first source mentioned in the text is [1], the second [2], and so on. Each source retains its number throughout the text.
Full details on the sources are given in a reference list under the heading References.