Vad betyder professor i usa
Academic ranks in the United States are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia. For regular faculty i. Traditionally, Assistant Professor has been the usual entry-level rank for faculty on the " tenure track ", although this depends on the institution and the field.
Det amerikanska studiesystemet - Sverige-Amerika Stiftelsen
Then, promotion to the rank of Associate Professor and later Professor informally, "Full Professor" indicates that significant work has been done in research, teaching and institutional service. Although the associate rank usually indicates that a tenure-track professor has been granted tenure, some tenure-track personnel may be hired at the associate rank from another academic institution or a nonacademic profession contingent on the expectation that they will soon receive tenure.
In rare instances, one may be tenured and remain at the assistant rank if promotion to the higher rank is not contingent on the bestowal of tenure. It typically takes about six years or so to advance in rank. The time for advancement between associate to full professor is less rigid than for assistant to associate. Typically, failure to be promoted to associate professor from assistant results in termination following a 1-year appointment.
Ph.d., adjunkt, lektor… Hvad betyder de fornemme forskertitler?
Although it can engender professional stigmatization, tenured faculty are usually permitted to remain in the associate grade indefinitely, with some institutions now conferring emeritus status at that rank. In applied fields, such as engineering, law, education, medicine, business, or journalism — and lately expanding to others — faculty types can also include Clinical Professor or Professor of Practice.
Often tied to secure, long-term contracts with significant review processes, these ranks are generally not tenure-track and emphasize practitioner knowledge and skills rather than scholarly research. Depending on the discipline and range of experience, incumbents in these positions may only possess an undergraduate degree or a secondary school diploma.
A variant is the less-common title of Teaching Professor , which is not limited to professional fields. Recently, some institutions have created separate tenure tracks for such positions, which may also be given other names such as "lecturer with security of employment".
Other faculty who are not on the tenure track in the U. The term "professor" as a common noun is often used for persons holding any kind of faculty position. In academic medicine, Instructor usually denotes someone who has completed residency, fellowship, or other post-doctoral M. Any faculty title preceded with the qualifier "Adjunct" normally denotes part-time status usually less than half-time.
Although "Professor" is often the highest rank attained by a senior faculty member, some institutions may offer a unique title to a senior faculty member whose research or publications have achieved wide recognition. This may be a "named professorship" or "named chair" — for example, the "John Doe Professor of Philosophy". Named chairs typically but not exclusively include a small discretionary fund from an endowment set aside for the recipient's use.
Large research universities also offer a small fraction of tenured faculty the title of "Distinguished Professor", "Distinguished Teaching Professor", or "Distinguished Research Professor" to recognize outstanding contributions. In research, faculty who direct a lab or research group may in certain research contexts e. Excepting special ranks such as endowed chairs , academic rank is dependent upon the promotion process of each college or university.
Thus, a tenured associate professor at one institution might accept a "lower" position at another university i. The ranks of "Lecturer" and sometimes "Senior Lecturer" are used at some American universities to denote permanent teaching positions full or part-time with few or no research responsibilities, in contrast to many other countries in which "Lecturer" may be considered equivalent to assistant or associate professor.
Professors in the United States - Wikipedia
Fellowships and Research scientist positions are most often limited-term appointments for postdoctoral researchers. They are not usually regarded as faculty positions, but rather staff, although some teaching may be involved albeit usually not with ultimate course responsibility. A common list of such positions is as follows many of which often entail various ranking systems — e. Teaching assistants TAs are known by various related terms and are typically graduate students who have varying levels of responsibility.
Ecclesiastical seminaries and churches often grant the titles Doctor of Divinity D. At some universities, librarians have a rank structure parallel to that of tenure-track faculty Assistant Librarian, Associate Librarian, Librarian ; these ranks may or may not be associated with the granting of institutional tenure. Some senior librarians, and often the head librarian, may have faculty or faculty-equivalent rank.
America's system of higher education is highly variable, with each of the 50 states and the 6 non-state jurisdictions regulating its own public tertiary institutions, and with each private institution developing its own structure. In general, the terms "President" and "Chancellor" are interchangeable like "Premier" and "Prime Minister" , including the vice presidents, associate and assistant vice presidents, and so on.
The dominant paradigm is president, vice president, associate vice president, and assistant vice president.