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Sundaland, also referred to as the Sundaic area, is a bio-geographical area of south-eastern Asia. It includes part of the continental shelf of Asia which was exposed during the previous ice age. Sundaland consists of the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo among the other surrounding islands and the mainland cape on the Asian mainland. The term "Sundaland" was first proposed in by Van Bemmelen, followed by Katili in , Hamilton in , and finally Hutchison in Sundaland encompasses the Sunda-shelf which is a tectonically stable extension of the continental shelf of Southeast Asia which was exposed during the last glacial era in the last 2 million years.
In total, Sundaland covers an area of about , The size of the Sundaland fluctuated in the last two million years and the current land is half the maximum size of Sundaland. The Wallace line is the boundary of the Sundaland. Alfred Wallace identified the eastern border which is also the boundary of the Australasia and Indomalaya ecozones. The Wallace line matches with the deep-water channel which has never been crossed using a bridge.
The orogenic belt situated at the juncture of Pacific-Philippines, Australian, Eurasian, and Indian sea plates surrounding the Sundaland stretches from the Philippines to Sumatera via East Indonesia. The Indian Ocean marks the western and southern borders.
What And Where Is The Sundaland?
The bigger portion of continental shelf got exposed from , to 12, years ago in the previous Glacial-period. When the sea-level decreased by over During the previous glacial maximum the ice age , the sea level decreased by over The most widespread glaciations in the ice age lasted for 21, years, and many scientists consider it to be the newest event of the bigger ice age which dates back to over 2 million years.
Sundaland is in the tropics, and the equator passes through central Borneo and Sumatra.
Sundaland is ever-wet with above 2,mm of rain every year. The rain pours throughout the year and there is no predictable dry season in this landmass like it is in Southeastern Asia. The shallow and warm sea on the Sunda shelf is part of the western Pacific warm-pool a crucial drive of the El-Nino South Oscillation and the Hadley movement.
The El-Nino South Oscillation can affect the climate of this landmass; strong positive El-Nino-Southern oscillation events can cause drought in the tropical Asia and Sundaland. Before the emergence of this landmass during early Pleistocene and late Pliocene era about 2. With the sea level dropping, numerous species like the dwarf elephantoid colonized this land.
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After that, other animals moved in including tigers, the Indian elephant, and the Sumatran rhinoceros, among others. Some of the animals found in the Sundaland include Proboscis monkeys, Komodo dragons, Asian Arowanas, Java hawk-eagles, Bali starlings, and pig-tailed langurs. These islands have over 2, orchid species and hosts Rafflesia and Titan Arum which buds the largest flower on Earth.
Massive deforestation and poaching have threatened the wild animals of the Sunderland, including in the extinction of the Sumatra Javan tiger and the drastic reduction of the Sumatran Rhino population.
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However, numerous public and private conservations programs working in Sundaland have tried to reduce deforestation while conserving various national parks including Komodo National Park in Indonesia. An ecoregion is a geographically and ecologically defined region which is smaller than the bioregion. Ecoregions cover large portions of water or land and homes numerous distinct group of natural species and communities.
Some of the ecoregions in Sundaland include:.
What And Where Is The Sundaland? - WorldAtlas
This ecoregion is located in the subtropical and tropical moist broadleaf forests biome of Borneo in Southeast Asia. The climate of the lowland rainforest is ideal for different types of plants, supporting over 10, different plant species, including 3, trees and 2, orchids. It is also home to over bird species and numerous mammal species.
This rainforest is an ecoregion of the cloud-forest located in the subtropical and tropical moist broadleaf jungle biome in Borneo Island in southeastern Asia. This ecoregion is situated in the middle of Borneo with parts of it in Indonesia, Brunei-owned territories, and Malaysia.